The following are some recent publications on seaweed polyphenols:
Blanc N, Hauchard D, Audibert L, Gall EA.
Radical-scavenging capacity of phenol fractions in the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum: an electrochemical approach
Talanta. 2011 Apr 15;84(2):513-8
In this article, the radical-scavenging capacity of phenol fractions extracted from the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum was assessed using in parallel colorimetric methods (ABTS and DPPH) and electrochemistry (cyclic voltammetry). Results obtained by the three methods correlated in the case of global fractions, whereas only ABTS and DPPH correlated when activities were expressed on a phenol basis. The successive fractions separated by both their average molecular size and their polarity exhibited activities largely dependent on their phenol content, suggesting that phlorotannins are the main anti-oxidant molecules in hydro-alcoholic extracts of A. nodosum. In addition, phenol fractions of relative low molecular weight were clearly more active than others. This work opens new opportunities to better evaluate the radical-scavenging potential of phenol pools in algae using both bi-parametric fractionating and electrochemistry.
Kandasamy S, Fan D, Sangha JS, Khan W, Evans F, Critchley AT, Prithiviraj B
Tasco®, a Product of Ascophyllum nodosum, Imparts Thermal Stress Tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans
Mar Drugs. 2011;9(11):2256-82
Tasco®, a commercial product manufactured from the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum, has been shown to impart thermal stress tolerance in animals. We investigated the physiological, biochemical and molecular bases of this induced thermal stress tolerance using the invertebrate animal model, Caenorhabiditis elegans. Tasco® water extract (TWE) at 300 μg/mL significantly enhanced thermal stress tolerance as well as extended the life span of C. elegans. The mean survival rate of the model animals under thermal stress (35 °C) treated with 300 μg/mL and 600 μg/mL TWE, respectively, was 68% and 71% higher than the control animals. However, the TWE treatments did not affect the nematode body length, fertility or the cellular localization of daf-16. On the contrary, TWE under thermal stress significantly increased the pharyngeal pumping rate in treated animals compared to the control. Treatment with TWE also showed differential protein expression profiles over control following 2D gel-electrophoresis analysis. Furthermore, TWE significantly altered the expression of at least 40 proteins under thermal stress; among these proteins 34 were up-regulated while six were down-regulated. Mass spectroscopy analysis of the proteins altered by TWE treatment revealed that these proteins were related to heat stress tolerance, energy metabolism and a muscle structure related protein. Among them heat shock proteins, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, saposin-like proteins 20, myosin regulatory light chain 1, cytochrome c oxidase RAS-like, TP-binding protein RHO A, OS were significantly up-regulated, while eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1 OS, 60S ribosomal protein L18 OS, peroxiredoxin protein 2 were down regulated by TWE treatment. These results were further validated by gene expression and reporter gene expression analyses. Overall results indicate that the water soluble components of Tasco® imparted thermal stress tolerance in the C. elegans by altering stress related biochemical pathways.
For complete paper refer to attachments at base of this page
Fitzgerald C, Gallagher E, Tasdemir D, Hayes M
Heart Health Peptides from Macroalgae and Their Potential Use in Functional Foods
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2011 59(13):6829-6836
Macroalgae have for centuries been consumed whole among the East Asian populations of China, Korea, and Japan.
Due to the environment in which they grow, macroalgae produce unique and interesting biologically active compounds. Protein can account for up to 47% of the dry weight of macroalgae depending on species and time of cultivation and harvest. Peptides derived from marcoalgae are proven to have hypotensive effects in the human circulatory system. Hypertension is one of the major, yet controllable, risk factors in cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the main cause of death in Europe, accounting for over 4.3 million deaths each year. In the United States it affects one in three individuals. Hypotensive peptides derived from marine and other sources have already been incorporated into functional foods such as beverages and soups. The purpose of this review is to highlight the potential of heart health peptides from macroalgae and to discuss the feasibility of expanding the variety of foods these peptides may be used in.
WIJESINGHE WAJP, JEON YJ
Exploiting biological activities of brown seaweed Ecklonia cava for
potential industrial applications: a review
International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition,2011; Early Online: 1-11
Seaweeds are rich in vitamins, minerals, dietary fibres, proteins, polysaccharides and various functional polyphenols. Many researchers have focused on brown algae as a potential source of bioactive materials in the past few decades. Ecklonia cava is a brown seaweed that is abundant in the subtidal regions of Jeju Island in the Republic of Korea. This seaweed attracted extensive interest due to its multiple biological activities. E. cava has been identified as a potential producer of wide spectrum of natural substances such as carotenoids, fucoidans and phlorotannins showing different biological activities in vital industrial applications including pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical and functional food. This review focuses on biological activities of the brown seaweed E. cava based on latest research results, including antioxidant, anticoagulative, antimicrobial, antihuman immunodeficiency virus, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antimutagenic, antitumour and anticancer effects. The facts summarized here may provide novel insights into the functions of E. cava and its derivatives and potentially enable their use as functional ingredients in potential industrial applications.
Harnedy P.A, FitzGerald R.J
BIOACTIVE PROTEINS, PEPTIDES, AND AMINO ACIDS FROM MACROALGAE
Phycological Society of America
Macroalgae are a diverse group of marine organisms that have developed complex and unique metabolic pathways to ensure survival in highly competitive marine environments. As a result, these organisms have been targeted for mining of natural biologically active components. The exploration of marine organisms has revealed numerous bioactive compounds that are proteinaceous in nature. These include proteins, linear peptides, cyclic peptides and depsipeptides, peptide derivatives, amino acids, and amino acid-like components. Furthermore, some species of macroalgae have been shown to contain significant levels of protein. While some protein-derived bioactive peptides have been characterized from macroalgae, macroalgal proteins currently still represent good candidate raw materials for biofunctional peptide mining. This review will provide an overview of the important bioactive amino-acid-containing compounds that have been identified in macroalgae. Moreover, the potential of macroalgal proteins as substrates for the generation of biofunctional peptides for utilization as functional foods to provide specific health benefits will be discussed.
Gupta s, Abu-Ghannam N
Recent Developments in the Application of Seaweeds or Seaweed Extracts as a Means for
Enhancing the Safety and Quality Attributes of Foods
Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies (in press)2011
The production of rancid flavours and odours due to oxidative stress in foods can lead to a reduction in the sensory
attributes, nutritional quality and food safety. Due to consumer demands, interest has been generated in searching plant products for natural "green" additives. Extracts from macroalgae or seaweeds are rich in polyphenolic compounds which have well documented antioxidant properties. They also have antimicrobial activities against major food spoilage and food pathogenic micro-organisms. Thus, possibility of seaweeds being added to foods as a source of anti-oxidant and antimicrobial is the main focus of this communication. In addition, seaweeds are also a rich in dietary minerals specially sodium, potassium, iodine and fibres. Another potential area where the use of seaweed is gaining importance is regarding their addition for improving the textural properties of food products which is also extensively reviewed in this paper.
Stengel DB, Connan S, Popper ZA.
Algal chemodiversity and bioactivity: Sources of natural variability and implications
for commercial application
Biotechnol Adv. 2011 Sep-Oct;29(5):483-501. Epub 2011 Jun 7.
There has been significant recent interest in the commercial utilisation of algae based on their valuable chemical constituents many of which exhibit multiple bioactivities with applications in the food, cosmetic, agri- and horticultural sectors and in human health. Compounds of particular commercial interest include pigments, lipids and fatty acids, proteins, polysaccharides and phenolics which all display considerable diversity between and within taxa. The chemical composition of natural algal populations is further influenced by spatial and temporal changes in environmental parameters including light, temperature, nutrients and salinity, as well as biotic interactions. As reported bioactivities are closely linked to specific compounds it is important to understand, and be able to quantify, existing chemical diversity and variability. This review outlines the taxonomic, ecological and chemical diversity between, and within, different algal groups and the implications for commercial utilisation of algae from natural populations. The biochemical diversity and complexity of commercially important types of compounds and their environmental and developmental control are addressed. Such knowledge is likely to help achieve higher and more consistent levels of bioactivity in natural samples and may allow selective harvesting according to algal species and local environmental conditions for different groups of compounds.
O'Sullivan A.M, O'Callaghan Y.C, O'Grady M.N, Queguineur B, Hanniffy D, Troy D.J, Kerry J.P, O'Brien N.M
In vitro and cellular antioxidant activities of seaweed extracts prepared from five brown seaweeds harvested in spring from the west coast of Ireland
Food Chemistry 126 (2011) 1064-1070
The antioxidant potential of methanolic extracts of brown seaweeds was assessed by Total Phenol Content, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), b-carotene bleaching and the DPPH scavenging assays. Ascophyllum nodosum, Pelvetia canaliculata, and Fucus serratus contained the highest phenol concentrations while Fucus vesiculosus and F. serratus exhibited the highest FRAP activities. F. vesiculosus and A. nodosum were the most effective extracts at scavenging DPPH radicals and preventing b-carotene bleaching. The antioxidant activity of the seaweed extracts was also evaluated in Caco-2 cells. All extracts significantly (P < 0.05) increased glutathione (GSH) content of cells after 24 h. Caco-2 cells were also pretreated with seaweed extract for 24 h followed by exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) was assessed and DNA damage was measured using the comet assay. P. canaliculata was the most effective at preventing H2O2-mediated SOD depletion in Caco-2 cells while F. serratus exhibited the best DNA protective effects.
Jiao G, Yu G, Zhang J, Ewart HS.
Chemical structures and bioactivities of sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae
Mar Drugs. 2011 Feb 8;9(2):196-223
Sulfated polysaccharides and their lower molecular weight oligosaccharide derivatives from marine macroalgae have been shown to possess a variety of biological activities. The present paper will review the recent progress in research on the structural chemistry and the bioactivities of these marine algal biomaterials. In particular, it will provide an update on the structural chemistry of the major sulfated polysaccharides synthesized by seaweeds including the galactans (e.g., agarans and carrageenans), ulvans, and fucans. It will then review the recent findings on the anticoagulant/antithrombotic, antiviral, immuno-inflammatory, antilipidemic and antioxidant activities of sulfated polysaccharides and their potential for therapeutic application.
Rodrı´guez-Bernaldo de Quiro´s A, Frecha-Ferreiro S, Vidal-Pe´rez AM, Lo´pez-Herna´ndez J
Antioxidant compounds in edible brown seaweeds
Eur Food Res Technol (2010) 231:495-498
DOI 10.1007/s00217-010-1295-6
Seaweeds are an excellent source of compounds with biological activity. Among the bioactive substances
identified, antioxidants have received particular interest due to their beneficial effects on health. In the present study, the total phenolic content and the pigment contents in edible seaweeds were evaluated. The total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu's method for four species of brown algae included Himanthalia elongata, Laminaria sp., Laminaria saccharina and Undaria pinnatifida. The total polyphenol content varied between 1.3 and 10.0 g phloroglucinol/kg wet weight of sample. The components responsible of the colour (carotenoids and chlorophylls) of the seaweeds were evaluated by using a spectrophotometric method. In addition, pigments were separated and identified by on line HPLC coupled with UV-Vis and fluorescence detectors and confirmed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS APCI). Fucoxanthin, b-carotene, chlorophyll a and phaeophytin a were identified in the samples analysed.
Cornish ML, Garbary DJ
Antioxidants from macroalgae: potential applications in human health and nutrition
Algae 2010, 25(4): 000-000
DOI: 10.4490/algae.2010.25.4.000
The underlying physiology of algal antioxidant compounds is reviewed in the context of seaweed biology and utilization. The application of seaweed antioxidants in foods, food supplements, nutraceuticals and medicine is considered from the perspective of benefits to human health. We advocate that direct consumption of seaweed products for their antioxidant composition alone provides a useful alternative to non-natural substances, while simultaneously providing worthwhile nutritional benefits. Economic utilization of seaweeds for their antioxidant properties remains in its infancy. This review provides examples ranging from laboratory studies through to clinical trials where antioxidants derived from seaweeds may provide major health benefits that warrant subsequent investigative studies and possible utilization.
For complete paper refer to attachments at base of page
Holdt SL, Kraan S
Bioactive compounds in seaweed; functional food applications and legislation
Journal of Applied Phycology (in press). 2010
Seaweed is more than the wrap that keeps rice together in sushi. Seaweed biomass is already used for a wide range of other products in food, including stabilising agents. Biorefineries with seaweed as feedstock are attracting worldwide interest and include low-volume high added-value products and vice versa. Scientific research on bioactive compounds in seaweed usually takes place on just a few species and compounds. This paper reviews worldwide research on bioactive compounds, mainly of nine genera or species of seaweed, which are also available in European temperate Atlantic waters i.e., Laminaria sp., Fucus sp., Ascophyllum nodosum, Chondrus crispus, Porphyra sp., Ulva sp., Sargassum sp., Gracilaria sp. and Palmaria palmata. In addition, Undaria pinnatifida is included in this review as this is globally one of the most commonly produced, investigated and available species. Fewer examples of other species abundant worldwide have also been included. This review will supply fundamental information for biorefineries in Atlantic Europe using seaweed as feedstock. Preliminary selection of one or several candidate seaweed species will be possible based on the summary tables and previous research described in this review. This applies either to the choice of high added-value bioactive products to be exploited in an available species, or to the choice of seaweed species when a bioactive compound is desired. Data are presented in tables with species, effect and test organism (if present) with examples of uses to enhance comparisons. In addition, scientific experiments performed on seaweed used as animal feed are presented and EU, US and Japanese legislation on functional foods is reviewed.
Keyrouz, R., Hauchard, D., Darchen, A
Total phenolic contents, radical scavenging and cyclic voltammetry of Britannic seaweeds
Food Chemistry (in press).2010
The role of polyphenols as antioxidants in our daily nutrition has been extensively investigated, but information on composition of tannins from marine sources on nutrient utilization is limited. This study will be focused on the determination of the polyphenol quantities in brown seaweeds from Britannic region coast in France; the extracts were delivered from algae centre for valorisation (CEVA), and the fidelity of the method was examined intraday and interlaboratories. The seaweed's extracts are divided into three categories: Fucus Vesiculosus, Ascophyllum Nodusum and Fucus Serratus. Consequently, the total polyphenol contents (TPC) of these extracts will be measured using Folin-Gombitza spectrophotometric method. Thereafter, the antioxidant properties of these polyphenols were determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging. All polyphenols extracted were tested using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in aprotic media. The CV is realized to compare the results from spectroscopic method and to electrochemically characterize the seaweed's polyphenols.
Gómez-Ordóñez E, Jiménez-Escrig A, Rupérez P
Dietary fibre and physicochemical properties of several edible seaweeds from the
northwestern Spanish coast
Food Research International. 2010 43(9):2289-2294
Proximate composition (moisture, ash, protein and oil content), total dietary fibre content and physicochemical properties of three brown and two red edible Spanish seaweeds, namely: Himanthalia elongata (sea spaghetti), Bifurcaria bifurcata, Laminaria saccharina (sweet kombu), Mastocarpus stellatus and Gigartina pistillata were studied. Ashes (24.9-36.4%) were high in all samples. Protein content ranged from 10.9 to 25.7%, being much higher for Laminaria (25.7%) followed by the red seaweeds (15.5-21.3%). Minor components were lipids (0.3-0.9%) in all samples except for Bifurcaria (5.6%). Total dietary fibre content ranged from 29.3 to 37.4% of which 39.1-74.7% was soluble. For brown algae, the soluble fibre contained uronic acids from alginates and neutral sugars from sulphated fucoidan and laminarin. For red seaweeds, the main neutral sugars corresponded to sulphated galactans (carrageenan or agar). Insoluble fibres (7.4-22.7%) were essentially made of cellulose with an important contribution of Klason lignin especially in brown seaweeds (9.5-10.8%). Regarding the main physicochemical properties, swelling and water retention capacity were high in all samples, while oil retention was low, related to the hydrophilic nature of fibre polysaccharides. In conclusion, these seaweeds can be estimated as a good source of food fibre, protein and minerals for human consumption.
Kim Moon-Moo, Kim Se-Kwon
Effect of phloroglucinol on oxidative stress and inflammation
Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2010 48(10):2925-2933
The aim of this study is to investigate the inhibitory effect of phloroglucinol on oxidative stress and inflammation. Phloroglucinol is a monomer of phlorotannins abundant in brown algae. A few effects of phloroglucinol have been reported, but any information on its effect on anti-inflammation related to oxidative stress has not been reported in detail until now. In our study phloroglucinol exhibited inhibitory effects not only on oxidative stress but also on the production of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2 in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, in HT1080 cells, a human fibrosarcoma cell line, phloroglucinol decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase that play an important role in chronic inflammation. In the presence of phloroglucinol NF-κB transcription factor that regulates the expression of these inflammatory mediators was inactivated via inhibition of NIK, and activation of AP-1 transcription factor was also reduced via inactivation of ERK, a MAPK. These results suggest that phloroglucinol can provide a therapeutic potential for prevention of chronic inflammation.
Wang T, Jónsdóttir R, Ólafsdóttir G
Total phenol compounds, radical scavenging and metal chelation of extracts from Icelandic seaweeds
Food Chemistry. 2009 116(1):240-248
Screening of potential antioxidant activities of water and 70% acetone extracts from ten species of Icelandic seaweeds was performed using three antioxidant assays. Significant differences were observed both in total phenolic contents (TPC) and antioxidant activities of extracts from the various species evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferrous ion-chelating ability assays. Acetone extracts from three Fucoid species had the highest TPC and consequently exhibited the strongest radical scavenging activities. High correlation was found between TPC of seaweed extracts and their scavenging capacity against DPPH and peroxyl radicals, indicating an important role of algal polyphenols as chain-breaking antioxidants. However, water extracts generally had higher ferrous ion-chelating activity than 70% acetone extracts and no correlation was found with their TPC, suggesting that other components such as polysaccharides, proteins or peptides in the extracts were more effective chelators of ferrous ions than phenolic compounds.
Heo Soo-Jin, Ko Seok-Chun, Cha Seon-Heui, Kang Do-Hyung, Park Heung-Sik, Choi Young-Ung, Kim Daekyung, Jung Won-Kyo, Jeon You-Jin
Effect of phlorotannins isolated from Ecklonia cava on melanogenesis and their protective effect against photo-oxidative stress induced by UV-B radiation
Toxicology in Vitro. 2009 23(6):1123-1130
In the present study, three kinds of phlorotannins, marine algal polyphenol, were isolated from a brown alga Ecklonia cava, and their inhibitory effect on melanogenesis as well as the protective effect against photo-oxidative stress induced by UV-B radiation was investigated. The effect on melanogenesis was evaluated via the inhibitory effects of tyrosinase and melanin synthesis. Among the phlorotannins, dieckol showed higher effect than that of the other phlorotannins in the both assays; especially the value of dieckol in the tyrosinase inhibition assay was relatively higher than that of a commercial tyrosinase inhibitor (kojic acid). The UV-B protection effect was evaluated via DCFH-DA, MTT, comet assays, and morphological changes in fibroblast. Intracellular ROS induced by UV-B radiation was reduced by the addition of phlorotannins and cell viability was dose-dependently increased. Moreover, dieckol demonstrated strong protective properties against UV-B radiation-induced DNA damage via damaged tail intensity and morphological changes in fibroblast. Hence, these results indicated that dieckol isolated from E. cava has potential whitening effects and prominent protective effects on UV-B radiation-induced cell damages, which might be used in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries.
Zaragoza M.C, Lo´Pez D, Sa´iz M. P, Poquet M, Pe´rez J, Puig-Parellada P, Ma'rmol F, Simonetti P, Gardana C, Lerat Y, Burtin P, Inisan C, Rousseau I, Besnard M, Mitjavila M.T
Toxicity and Antioxidant Activity in Vitro and in Vivo of Two Fucus vesiculosus Extracts
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2008 56(17):7773-80
The consumption of seaweeds has increased in recent years. However, their adverse and beneficial effects have scarcely been studied. Two extracts from the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus containing 28.8% polyphenols or 18% polyphenols plus 0.0012% fucoxanthin have been obtained and studied to determine their toxicity in mice and rats and also their antioxidant activity. Both extracts were shown to lack any relevant toxic effects in an acute toxicity test following a 4 week daily treatment in rats. The extracts exhibited antioxidant activity in noncellular systems and in activated RAW 264.7 macrophages, as well as in ex vivo assays in plasma and erythrocytes, after the 4 week treatment in rats. Our ex vivo results indicated that compounds from extract 2 may be more easily absorbed and that the antioxidants in their parent or metabolized form are more active. These findings support the view that the daily consumption of F. vesiculosus extract 2 (Healsea) would have potential benefits to humans.
Chew YL, Lim YY, Omar M, Khoo KS
Antioxidant activity of three edible seaweeds from two areas in South East Asia
LWT - Food Science and Technology. 2008:41(6):1067-1072
Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AOA) of 50% aqueous methanol extracts of the marine algae, Padina antillarum, Caulerpa racemosa and Kappaphycus alvarezzi were studied. TPC was measured using Folin-Ciocalteu method while 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ferrous ion chelating (FIC) assay and beta carotene bleaching (BCB) assay were used to study their AOA. P. antillarum was found to have the highest TPC, 2430±208 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per 100 g dried sample and ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC), 1140±85 mg AA/100 g. C. racemosa and K. alvarezzi displayed lower TPC and AEAC. C. racemosa had 144±22 mg GAE/100 g dried sample of TPC and 14.3±2.0 mg AA/100 g of AEAC, while K. alvarezzi had 115±35 mg/100 g dried sample of TPC and 37.8±16.8 mg AA/100 g of AEAC. In addition, P. antillarum displayed the highest reducing power, 15.7±2.6 mg GAE/g and highest chelating ability. C. racemosa and K. alvarezzi exhibited lower reducing power, 0.737±0.423 mg GAE/g and 0.561±0.269 mg GAE/g, and lower chelating ability. However, the AOA of these three seaweeds as assessed by BCB assay were equally high.
Yuan YV, Walsh NA.
Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of extracts from a variety of edible seaweeds
Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2006 44(7):1144-1150
Dietary Laminaria and Porphyra sp. have been reported to reduce the risk of intestinal or mammary cancer in animal
studies. Algal anticarcinogenicity may involve effects on cell proliferation and antioxidant activity. Thus, in the present study, we evaluated the effect of red alga, dulse (Palmaria palmata) and three kelp (Laminaria setchellii, Macrocystis integrifolia, Nereocystis leutkeana) extracts on human cervical adenocarcinoma cell line (HeLa cells) proliferation using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The 1-butanol soluble fractions from the methanol extracts of these algae were also evaluated for reducing activity and total polyphenol content. After 72 h incubation, HeLa cell proliferation was inhibited (p < 0.05) between 0% and 78% by P. palmata; 0% and 55% by L. setchellii and 0% and 69% by M. integrifolia and N. leutkeana at 0.5-5 mg/mL algal extract. Algal extract reducing activities were as follows: P. palmata > M. integrifolia > L. setchellii > N. leutkeana; and total polyphenol contents were: P. palmata > M. integrifolia = N. leutkeana > L. setchellii. The antiproliferative efficacy of these algal extracts were positively correlated with the total polyphenol contents (p < 0.05), suggesting a causal link related to extract content of kelp phlorotannins and dulse polyphenols including mycosporine-like amino acids and phenolic acids.
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| 2011 Saveetha Tasco Thermal Tolerance marine drugs-09-02256 (2).pdf | 936.01 KB |
| Antioxidants from macroalgae-potential applications in human health & nutrition.pdf | 1.35 MB |
